An open file format is a published specification for storing digital data, usually maintained by a standards organization, which can therefore be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implementable by both proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open formats, closed formats are considered trade secrets. Open formats are also called free file formats if they are not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (for example, if they are in the public domain) so that anyone may use it at no monetary cost for any desired purpose.[1]
Specific definitions
Sun Microsystems
Sun Microsystems defines the criteria for open formats as follows:[2]
- The format is based on an underlying open standard
- The format is developed through a publicly visible, community driven process
- The format is affirmed and maintained by a vendor-independent standards organization
- The format is fully documented and publicly available
- The format does not contain proprietary extensions
US government
Within the framework of Open Government Initiative, the federal government of the United States adopted the Open Government Directive, according to which: "An open format is one that is platform independent, machine readable, and made available to the public without restrictions that would impede the re-use of that information".[3]
State of Minnesota
The State of Minnesota defines the criteria for open, XML-based file formats as follows:[4]
- The format is interoperable among diverse internal and external platforms and applications
- The format is fully published and available royalty-free
- The format is implemented by multiple vendors
- The format is controlled by an open industry organization with a well-defined inclusive process for evolution of the standard
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts "defines open formats as specifications for data file formats that are based on an underlying open standard, developed by an open community, affirmed and maintained by a standards body and are fully documented and publicly available."[5]
The Enterprise Technical Reference Model (ETRM) classifies four formats as "Open Formats":
- OASIS Open Document Format For Office Applications (OpenDocument) v. 1.1
- Ecma-376 Office Open XML Formats (Open XML)
- Hypertext Document Format v. 4.01
- Plain Text Format
The Linux Information Project
According to The Linux Information Project, the term open format should refer to "any format that is published for anyone to read and study but which may or may not be encumbered by patents, copyrights or other restrictions on use".[1] - as opposed to a free format which is not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions
Examples of open formats
In alphabetical order:
Multimedia
- ALAC — lossless audio codec, previously a proprietary format of Apple Inc.
- CMML — timed metadata and subtitles
- DAISY Digital Talking Book — a talking book format
- FLAC — lossless audio codec
- JPEG 2000 — an image format standardized by ISO/IEC
- Matroska (mkv) — container for all type of multimedia formats (audio, video, images, subtitles)
- MNG — moving pictures, based on PNG
- Musepack — an audio codec
- Ogg — container for Vorbis, FLAC, Speex and Opus (audio formats) & Theora (a video format), each of which is an open format
- PNG — a raster image format standardized by ISO/IEC
- SMIL — a media playlisting format and multimedia integration language[6][7]
- Speex — speech codec
- SVG — a vector image format standardized by W3C
- VRML/X3D — realtime 3D data formats standardized by ISO/IEC
- WavPack — "Hybrid" (lossless/lossy) audio codec
- WebM — a video/audio format
- XSPF — a playlist format for multimedia
Text
- Plain text encoded in numerous non-proprietary encodings, such as ASCII
- HTML
- Unicode Transformation Formats — text encodings with support for all common languages and scripts
- UTF-8 — byte oriented and ASCII compatible
- UTF-16 — 16-bit oriented
- DVI — device independent (TeX)
- ePub — open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)
- LaTeX — document markup language
- Office Open XML — a formatted text format (ISO/IEC 29500:2008);[8] see Licensing for details
- OpenDocument — a formatted text format (ISO/IEC 26300:2006).[9]
- OpenXPS — open standard for a page description language and a fixed-document format
- Various subsets of PDF are open standard for documents exchange (ISO 15930-1:2001, ISO 19005-1:2005, ISO 32000-1:2008).[10] PDF started out a proprietary standard, but was later submitted through standardization
- PostScript — a page description language and programming language. PostScript started out as a proprietary standard, but was later submitted[by whom?] through standardization[citation needed]
Archiving and compression
- 7z — for archiving and/or compression
- bzip2 — for compression
- gzip — for compression
- MAFF — for web page archiving, based on ZIP
- PAQ — for compression
- SQX — for archiving and/or compression
- tar — for archiving
- xz — for compression
- ZIP — for archiving and/or compression; the base format is in the public domain, but newer versions have some patented features[11][12][13]
Other
See also
References
- ^ a b "Free File Format Definition". LINFO.org. http://www.linfo.org/free_file_format.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 - OASIS Standard, 1 May 2005
- ^ Open Government Directive of December 8, 2009.
- ^ Meanwhile, Deep Down in Texas: An Open Format Bill is Filed - Tuesday, February 06 2007 @ 03:55 PM PST Contributed by: Andy Updegrove - ConsortiumInfo.org
- ^ Major Revision of Massachusetts Enterprise Technical Reference Model (ETRM). Robin Cover, Editor - Created: July 03, 2007. - Cover Pages
- ^ W3C SMIL
- ^ SMIL 2.1 (W3C Recommendation)
- ^ ISO - News - Publication of ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology — Document description and processing languages - Office Open XML file formats
- ^ "ISO/IEC 26300:2006 Information technology -- Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=43485.
- ^ "ISO 32000-1:2008 - Document management — Portable document format — Part 1: PDF 1.7". Iso.org. 2008-07-01. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51502. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ^ ".ZIP Application Note". http://www.pkware.com/support/zip-app-note. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
- ^ "Latest OOX-ODF FUD-Spat: States Prepare to Ban Zip and PDF Files". http://orcmid.com/blog/2007/02/latest-oox-odf-fud-spat-states-prepare.asp. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
- ^ "PKZip Must Open Up". http://brianlivingston.com/eweek/article2/0,4149,1257562,00.html. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
- ^ W3C XML
External links
