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Perl Reference Manual Table of Contents Manual Reference Index Core Modules A - Z
Overview
Tutorials
FAQs
History / Changes
License
Language Reference
Perl Functions A-Z A AUTOLOAD abs - absolute value function accept - accept an incoming socket connect alarm - schedule a SIGALRM and atan2 - arctangent of Y/X in the range -PI to PI B BEGIN bind - binds an address to a socket binmode - prepare binary files for I/O bless - create an object break - break out of a "given" block C CHECK caller - get context of the current subroutine call chdir - change your current working directory chmod - changes the permissions on a list of files chomp - remove a trailing record separator from a string chop - remove the last character from a string chown - change the owership on a list of files chr - get character this number represents chroot - make directory new root for path lookups close - close file (or pipe or socket) handle closedir - close directory handle cmp connect - connect to a remote socket continue - optional trailing block in a while or foreach cos - cosine function crypt - one-way passwd-style encryption D DESTROY __DATA__ dbmclose - breaks binding on a tied dbm file dbmopen - create binding on a tied dbm file default defined - test whether a value, variable, or function is defined delete - deletes a value from a hash die - raise an exception or bail out do - turn a BLOCK into a TERM dump - create an immediate core dump E F __FILE__ fc fcntl - file control system call fileno - return file descriptor from filehandle flock - lock an entire file with an advisory lock for foreach fork - create a new process just like this one format - declare a picture format with use by the write() function formline - internal function used for formats G H hex - convert a string to a hexadecimal number I INIT if import - patch a module's namespace into your own index - find a substring within a string int - get the integer portion of a number ioctl - system-dependent device control system call J join - join a list into a string using a separator K keys - retrieve list of indices from a hash kill - send a signal to a process or process group L __LINE__ last - exit a block prematurely lc - return lower-case version of a string lcfirst - return a string with just the next letter in lower case le length - return the number of bytes in a string link - create a hard link in the filesytem listen - register your socket as a server local - create a temporary value for a global variable (dynamic scoping) localtime - convert UNIX time into record or string using local time lock - get a thread lock on a variable, subroutine, or method log - retrieve the natural logarithm for a number lstat - stat a symbolic link lt M m - match a string with a regular expression pattern map - apply a change to a list to get back a new list with the changes mkdir - create a directory msgctl - SysV IPC message control operations msgget - get SysV IPC message queue msgrcv - receive a SysV IPC message from a message queue msgsnd - send a SysV IPC message to a message queue my - declare and assign a local variable (lexical scoping) N ne next - iterate a block prematurely no - unimport some module symbols or semantics at compile time not O oct - convert a string to an octal number open - open a file, pipe, or descriptor opendir - open a directory or ord - find a character's numeric representation our - declare and assign a package variable (lexical scoping) P __PACKAGE__ pack - convert a list into a binary representation package - declare a separate global namespace pipe - open a pair of connected filehandles pop - remove the last element from an array and return it pos - find or set the offset for the last/next m//g search print - output a list to a filehandle printf - output a formatted list to a filehandle prototype - get the prototype (if any) of a subroutine push - append one or more elements to an array Q q - singly quote a string qq - doubly quote a string qr - Compile pattern quotemeta - quote regular expression magic characters qw - quote a list of words qx - backquote quote a string R rand - retrieve the next pseudorandom number read - fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle readdir - get a directory from a directory handle readline - fetch a record from a file readlink - determine where a symbolic link is pointing readpipe - execute a system command and collect standard output recv - receive a message over a Socket redo - start this loop iteration over again ref - find out the type of thing being referenced rename - change a filename require - load in external functions from a library at runtime reset - clear all variables of a given name return - get out of a function early reverse - flip a string or a list rewinddir - reset directory handle rindex - right-to-left substring search rmdir - remove a directory S __SUB__ s - replace a pattern with a string say - print with newline scalar - force a scalar context seek - reposition file pointer for random-access I/O seekdir - reposition directory pointer select - reset default output or do I/O multiplexing semctl - SysV semaphore control operations semget - get set of SysV semaphores semop - SysV semaphore operations send - send a message over a socket setgrent - prepare group file for use sethostent - prepare hosts file for use setnetent - prepare networks file for use setpgrp - set the process group of a process setpriority - set a process's nice value setprotoent - prepare protocols file for use setpwent - prepare passwd file for use setservent - prepare services file for use setsockopt - set some socket options shift - remove the first element of an array, and return it shmctl - SysV shared memory operations shmget - get SysV shared memory segment identifier shmread - read SysV shared memory shmwrite - write SysV shared memory shutdown - close down just half of a socket connection sin - return the sine of a number sleep - block for some number of seconds socket - create a socket socketpair - create a pair of sockets sort - sort a list of values splice - add or remove elements anywhere in an array split - split up a string using a regexp delimiter sprintf - formatted print into a string sqrt - square root function srand - seed the random number generator stat - get a file's status information state - declare and assign a state variable (persistent lexical scoping) study - optimize input data for repeated searches sub - declare a subroutine, possibly anonymously substr - get or alter a portion of a stirng symlink - create a symbolic link to a file syscall - execute an arbitrary system call sysopen - open a file, pipe, or descriptor sysread - fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle sysseek - position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and syswrite system - run a separate program syswrite - fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle T tell - get current seekpointer on a filehandle telldir - get current seekpointer on a directory handle tie - bind a variable to an object class tied - get a reference to the object underlying a tied variable time - return number of seconds since 1970 times - return elapsed time for self and child processes tr - transliterate a string truncate - shorten a file U UNITCHECK uc - return upper-case version of a string ucfirst - return a string with just the next letter in upper case umask - set file creation mode mask undef - remove a variable or function definition unless unlink - remove one link to a file unpack - convert binary structure into normal perl variables unshift - prepend more elements to the beginning of a list untie - break a tie binding to a variable until use - load in a module at compile time utime - set a file's last access and modify times V values - return a list of the values in a hash vec - test or set particular bits in a string W wait - wait for any child process to die waitpid - wait for a particular child process to die wantarray - get void vs scalar vs list context of current subroutine call warn - print debugging info when while write - print a picture record X -X - a file test (-r, -x, etc) x xor Y y - transliterate a string
Perl Functions by Category Functions for SCALARs or strings chomp - remove a trailing record separator from a string chop - remove the last character from a string chr - get character this number represents crypt - one-way passwd-style encryption hex - convert a string to a hexadecimal number index - find a substring within a string lc - return lower-case version of a string lcfirst - return a string with just the next letter in lower case length - return the number of bytes in a string oct - convert a string to an octal number ord - find a character's numeric representation pack - convert a list into a binary representation q/STRING/ - singly quote a string qq/STRING/ - doubly quote a string reverse - flip a string or a list rindex - right-to-left substring search sprintf - formatted print into a string substr - get or alter a portion of a stirng tr/// - transliterate a string uc - return upper-case version of a string ucfirst - return a string with just the next letter in upper case y/// - transliterate a string Regular expressions and pattern matching m// - match a string with a regular expression pattern pos - find or set the offset for the last/next m//g search qr/STRING/ - Compile pattern quotemeta - quote regular expression magic characters s/// - replace a pattern with a string split - split up a string using a regexp delimiter study - optimize input data for repeated searches Numeric functions abs - absolute value function atan2 - arctangent of Y/X in the range -PI to PI cos - cosine function exp - raise I to a power hex - convert a string to a hexadecimal number int - get the integer portion of a number log - retrieve the natural logarithm for a number oct - convert a string to an octal number rand - retrieve the next pseudorandom number sin - return the sine of a number sqrt - square root function srand - seed the random number generator Functions for real @ARRAYs pop - remove the last element from an array and return it push - append one or more elements to an array shift - remove the first element of an array, and return it splice - add or remove elements anywhere in an array unshift - prepend more elements to the beginning of a list Functions for list data grep - locate elements in a list test true against a given criterion join - join a list into a string using a separator map - apply a change to a list to get back a new list with the changes qw/STRING/ - quote a list of words reverse - flip a string or a list sort - sort a list of values unpack - convert binary structure into normal perl variables Functions for real %HASHes delete - deletes a value from a hash each - retrieve the next key/value pair from a hash exists - test whether a hash key is present keys - retrieve list of indices from a hash values - return a list of the values in a hash Input and output functions binmode - prepare binary files for I/O close - close file (or pipe or socket) handle closedir - close directory handle dbmclose - breaks binding on a tied dbm file dbmopen - create binding on a tied dbm file die - raise an exception or bail out eof - test a filehandle for its end fileno - return file descriptor from filehandle flock - lock an entire file with an advisory lock format - declare a picture format with use by the write() function getc - get the next character from the filehandle print - output a list to a filehandle printf - output a formatted list to a filehandle read - fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle readdir - get a directory from a directory handle readline - fetch a record from a file rewinddir - reset directory handle seek - reposition file pointer for random-access I/O seekdir - reposition directory pointer select - reset default output or do I/O multiplexing syscall - execute an arbitrary system call sysread - fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle sysseek - position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and syswrite syswrite - fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle tell - get current seekpointer on a filehandle telldir - get current seekpointer on a directory handle truncate - shorten a file warn - print debugging info write - print a picture record Functions for fixed length data or records pack - convert a list into a binary representation read - fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle syscall - execute an arbitrary system call sysread - fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle sysseek - position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and syswrite syswrite - fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle unpack - convert binary structure into normal perl variables vec - test or set particular bits in a string Functions for filehandles, files, or directories -X - a file test (-r, -x, etc) chdir - change your current working directory chmod - changes the permissions on a list of files chown - change the owership on a list of files chroot - make directory new root for path lookups fcntl - file control system call glob - expand filenames using wildcards ioctl - system-dependent device control system call link - create a hard link in the filesytem lstat - stat a symbolic link mkdir - create a directory open - open a file, pipe, or descriptor opendir - open a directory readlink - determine where a symbolic link is pointing rename - change a filename rmdir - remove a directory stat - get a file's status information symlink - create a symbolic link to a file sysopen - open a file, pipe, or descriptor umask - set file creation mode mask unlink - remove one link to a file utime - set a file's last access and modify times Keywords related to control flow of your perl program caller - get context of the current subroutine call continue - optional trailing block in a while or foreach die - raise an exception or bail out do - turn a BLOCK into a TERM dump - create an immediate core dump eval - catch exceptions or compile and run code exit - terminate this program goto - create spaghetti code last - exit a block prematurely next - iterate a block prematurely prototype - get the prototype (if any) of a subroutine redo - start this loop iteration over again return - get out of a function early sub - declare a subroutine, possibly anonymously wantarray - get void vs scalar vs list context of current subroutine call Keywords altering or affecting scoping of identifiers caller - get context of the current subroutine call import - patch a module's namespace into your own local - create a temporary value for a global variable (dynamic scoping) my - declare and assign a local variable (lexical scoping) our - declare and assign a package variable (lexical scoping) package - declare a separate global namespace use - load in a module at compile time Miscellaneous functions defined - test whether a value, variable, or function is defined dump - create an immediate core dump eval - catch exceptions or compile and run code formline - internal function used for formats local - create a temporary value for a global variable (dynamic scoping) my - declare and assign a local variable (lexical scoping) our - declare and assign a package variable (lexical scoping) prototype - get the prototype (if any) of a subroutine reset - clear all variables of a given name scalar - force a scalar context undef - remove a variable or function definition wantarray - get void vs scalar vs list context of current subroutine call Functions for processes and process groups alarm - schedule a SIGALRM exec - abandon this program to run another fork - create a new process just like this one getpgrp - get process group getppid - get parent process ID getpriority - get current nice value kill - send a signal to a process or process group pipe - open a pair of connected filehandles qx/STRING/ - backquote quote a string readpipe - execute a system command and collect standard output setpgrp - set the process group of a process setpriority - set a process's nice value sleep - block for some number of seconds system - run a separate program times - return elapsed time for self and child processes wait - wait for any child process to die waitpid - wait for a particular child process to die Keywords related to perl modules do - turn a BLOCK into a TERM import - patch a module's namespace into your own no - unimport some module symbols or semantics at compile time package - declare a separate global namespace require - load in external functions from a library at runtime use - load in a module at compile time Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness bless - create an object dbmclose - breaks binding on a tied dbm file dbmopen - create binding on a tied dbm file package - declare a separate global namespace ref - find out the type of thing being referenced tie - bind a variable to an object class tied - get a reference to the object underlying a tied variable untie - break a tie binding to a variable use - load in a module at compile time Low-level socket functions accept - accept an incoming socket connect bind - binds an address to a socket connect - connect to a remote socket getpeername - find the other end of a socket connection getsockname - retrieve the sockaddr for a given socket getsockopt - get socket options on a given socket listen - register your socket as a server recv - receive a message over a Socket send - send a message over a socket setsockopt - set some socket options shutdown - close down just half of a socket connection socket - create a socket socketpair - create a pair of sockets System V interprocess communication functions msgctl - SysV IPC message control operations msgget - get SysV IPC message queue msgrcv - receive a SysV IPC message from a message queue msgsnd - send a SysV IPC message to a message queue semctl - SysV semaphore control operations semget - get set of SysV semaphores semop - SysV semaphore operations shmctl - SysV shared memory operations shmget - get SysV shared memory segment identifier shmread - read SysV shared memory shmwrite - write SysV shared memory Fetching user and group info Fetching network info Time-related functions gmtime - convert UNIX time into record or string using Greenwich time localtime - convert UNIX time into record or string using local time time - return number of seconds since 1970 times - return elapsed time for self and child processes
Pragmas attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes autodie - Replace functions with ones that succeed or die with lexical scope autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used base - Establish an ISA relationship with base classes at compile time bigint - Transparent BigInteger support for Perl bignum - Transparent BigNumber support for Perl bigrat - Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character semantics charnames - access to Unicode character names and named character sequences; also define character names constant - Perl pragma to declare constants diagnostics - produce verbose warning diagnostics encoding - allows you to write your script in non-ascii or non-utf8 feature - Perl pragma to enable new features fields - compile-time class fields filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators if - use a Perl module if a condition holds integer - Perl pragma to use integer arithmetic instead of floating point less - perl pragma to request less of something lib - manipulate @INC at compile time locale - Perl pragma to use or avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations mro - Method Resolution Order open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling overload - Package for overloading Perl operations overloading - perl pragma to lexically control overloading parent - Establish an ISA relationship with base classes at compile time re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling sort - perl pragma to control sort() behaviour strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names threads - Perl interpreter-based threads threads::shared - Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete) vmsish - Perl pragma to control VMS-specific language features warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings warnings::register - warnings import function
Utilities perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution a2p - Awk to Perl translator c2ph - Dump C structures as generated from cc -g -S stabs config_data - Query or change configuration of Perl modules corelist - a commandline frontend to Module::CoreList cpan - easily interact with CPAN from the command line cpanp - The CPANPLUS launcher cpan2dist - The CPANPLUS distribution creator enc2xs - Perl Encode Module Generator find2perl - translate find command lines to Perl code h2ph - convert .h C header files to .ph Perl header files h2xs - convert .h C header files to Perl extensions instmodsh - A shell to examine installed modules libnetcfg - configure libnet perlbug - how to submit bug reports on Perl piconv - iconv(1), reinvented in perl prove - Run tests through a TAP harness. psed - a stream editor podchecker - check the syntax of POD format documentation files perldoc - Look up Perl documentation in Pod format. perlivp - Perl Installation Verification Procedure pod2html - convert .pod files to .html files pod2latex - convert pod documentation to latex format pod2man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input pod2text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text pod2usage - print usage messages from embedded pod docs in files podselect - print selected sections of pod documentation on standard output pstruct - Dump C structures as generated from cc -g -S stabs ptar ptardiff - program that diffs an extracted archive against an unextracted one s2p - a stream editor shasum - Print or Check SHA Checksums splain - produce verbose warning diagnostics xsubpp - compiler to convert Perl XS code into C code perlthanks - how to submit bug reports on Perl
Internals and C language interface perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging perlxs - XS language reference manual perlxstut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs perlxstypemap - Perl XS C/Perl type mapping perlinterp - An overview of the Perl interpreter perlsource - A guide to the Perl source tree perlclib - Internal replacements for standard C library functions perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely internal Perl functions perlmroapi - Perl method resolution plugin interface perliol - C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers. perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface. perlhack - How to hack on Perl perlhacktut - Walk through the creation of a simple C code patch perlhacktips - Tips for Perl core C code hacking perlreguts - Description of the Perl regular expression engine. perlreapi - perl regular expression plugin interface perlpolicy - Various and sundry policies and commitments related to the Perl core
Platform Specific
Tags: Table of Contents, Perl Tutorial, 482, Perl Reference Manual Table of Contents Manual Overview Tutorials FAQs History / Changes License Reference Language Reference Perl Functions A Z A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z Perl Functions by Category Operators Special Variables Pragmas Utilities Internals and C language interface Platform Specific Index Core Modules A Z Mod, Table of Contents, English, Instruction Examples, Tutorials, Reference, Books, Guide regular tuition program, pts-ptn.net
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