List of multi-paradigm programming languages Information Science 482 regular-tuition-program.pts-ptn.net

Action
Agent-oriented
Aspect-oriented
Automata-based
Component-based
- Flow-based
- Pipelined
Concatenative
Concurrent computing
- Relativistic programming
Data-driven
Declarative (contrast: Imperative)
- Constraint
- Dataflow
  - Cell-oriented (spreadsheets)
  - Reactive
  - Intensional
- Functional
- Logic
End-user programming
Event-driven
- Service-oriented
- Time-driven
Expression-oriented
Feature-oriented
Function-level (contrast: Value-level)
Generic
Imperative (contrast: Declarative)
- Procedural
Language-oriented
- Discipline-specific
- Domain-specific
- Grammar-oriented
  - Dialecting
- Intentional
Metaprogramming
- Automatic
- Reflective
  - Attribute-oriented
- Homoiconic
- Template
  - Policy-based
Non-structured (contrast: Structured)
- Array
Nondeterministic
Parallel computing
- Process-oriented
Programming in the large and small
Semantic
Structured (contrast: Non-structured)
- Modular (contrast: Monolithic)
- Object-oriented
- Recursive
Value-level (contrast: Function-level)
Probabilistic

Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

1 Paradigm summaries
2 Language overview
3 See also
4 References

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
- Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behavior)
Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
Declarative programming – describes actions (e.g. HTML describes a page but not how to actually display it)
Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
- Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which templates are used by a compiler to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
- Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
- Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
- Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming^[1]

Language overview

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language	Number of Paradigms	Concurrent	Constraints	Dataflow	Declarative	Distributed	Functional	Metaprogramming	Generic	Imperative	Logic	Reflection	Object-oriented	Pipelines	Visual	Rule-based	Other paradigms
LabVIEW	2	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
APL	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
ALF	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Dylan^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Sather^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Claire	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Spreadsheets	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
AmigaE^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Simula^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Metaobject protocols	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Lava	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	Yes	No	No
PointDragon	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
SISAL	3	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Erlang	3	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
ChucK^{[citation needed]}	3	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Prograph	3	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	Yes	No	No
Poplog	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
BETA^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
J^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Perl^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Pliant^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Tcl with itcl or XOTcl extensions^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
PHP^[2]^[3]^[4]	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
ECMAScript^[5]^[6] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript)	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Lua^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Tcl with Snit extension^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
C++	6 (13)	Yes^[7]^[8]^[9]	Library^[10]	Library^[11]^[12]	Library^[13]^[14]	Library^[15]^[16]	Yes	Yes^[17]	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	Library^[18]^[19]	Library^[20]	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	Library^[21]	No
D (version 1.0)	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Embarcadero Delphi	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
E	3	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Curry	4	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Java	4	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Python^{[citation needed]}	4	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	procedural
Ruby	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
OCaml	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Leda	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
ROOP	4	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Io	4	Yes^{[a 4]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
REBOL	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Fortran	5	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 5]}	No	Yes^{[a 6]}	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Ada^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]	5	Yes^{[a 7]}	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Windows PowerShell	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	Yes	No	No	No
Curl	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Common Lisp (some other paradigms are implemented as libraries)^{[citation needed]}	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Falcon	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
D (version 2.0)^[27]^[28]	5	Yes^{[a 4]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Object Pascal	5	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Scala^[29]^[30]	7	Yes^{[a 4]}	No	Yes ^{[a 8]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
Nemerle	7	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	No
C#	7	Yes	No	Library^{[a 9]}	No	No	Yes^{[a 10]}	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	reactive^{[a 11]}
Visual Basic .NET	7	Yes	No	Library^{[a 9]}	No	No	Yes^{[a 10]}	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	reactive^{[a 11]}
F#	8	Yes^{[a 4]}	No	Library^{[a 9]}	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	reactive^{[a 11]}
Oz	9	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	Yes	No
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA)	9	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	Yes	No
Mathematica	11	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Class-based ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Prototype-based ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Template metaprogramming ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d actor programming ^ purely functional ^ parameterized classes ^ rendezvous and monitor-like based ^ Akka ^ ^a ^b ^c using TPL Dataflow ^ ^a ^b only lambda support (lazy functional programming) ^ ^a ^b ^c using Reactive Extensions (Rx)

References

^ Driskill, C.G. (20-22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". IEEEXplore. IEEE. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=381508.
^ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
^ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
^ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
^ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
^ Object Oriented Programming in JavaScript gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
^ Thread support
^ Atomics support
^ Memory model
^ Gecode
^ SystemC
^ Boost.Iostreams
^ Boolinq
^ AraRat
^ OpenMPI
^ Boost.MPI
^ Boost.MPL
^ LC++
^ Castor
^ Reflect Library
^ Boost.Spirit
^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
^ D Language Feature Table
^ Phobos std.algorithm
^ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
^ Scala Language Specification

Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.

Types of programming languages

List of multi-paradigm programming languages

Contents

Paradigm summaries

Language overview

See also

References